Inadvertent Sabotage

Not long ago, a news story went around the world about a weasel that shut down CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, forcing the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to go offline for a few days.

As it turns out, it was actually a beech marten (Martes foina), a cousin of the weasel. The animal gnawed through a cable of an open-air electrical transformer, causing a short circuit.

From time to time we hear stories of animals – usually small mammals – that wreak havoc on large-scale, technologically developed installations.

Beech marten, also known as a stone marten.  Source: Chest of Books/Ray

Beech marten, also known as a stone marten.
Source: Chest of Books/Ray

Almost always, these stories are told with a kind of breathless David versus Goliath glee at a victory of the tiny over the towering, the power of the small over the great.

At the same time, there’s also a tone of uncertainty and bafflement – shouldn’t we be better at protecting Very Important Human Things against wild creatures by now?

A raccoon short circuited an electrical bus between two main feeder lines at a Seattle substation, causing an outtage for 38,000 households. The raccoon didn't survive. Source: Huffington Post

A raccoon short circuited an electrical bus between two main feeder lines at a Seattle substation, causing an outtage for 38,000 households. The raccoon didn’t survive.
Source: Huffington Post

As if the animals were intentionally trying to take us down a notch or two by showing how fragile our machines really are.

But I think the uncertainty speaks more to how we see ourselves and our achievements – it seems like complex structures that supply so much energy, or which are so advanced, demonstrate just how far removed we are from other animals on the planet.

Until we realize how easily these structures can be inadvertently rendered useless, at least for a while.

A wild vervet monkey tripped a transformer after falling off a roof at Gitaru Hydroelectric Power Station in Kenya's Eastern Province, knocking out power across the entire country. The monkey survived. Source: Kengen/Independent

A wild vervet monkey tripped a transformer after falling off a roof at Gitaru Hydroelectric Power Station in Kenya’s Eastern Province, knocking out power across the entire country. The monkey survived.
Source: KenGen/Independent

It also shows how close we still live to other life and animals for whom our fences are obstacles that don’t pose much of a challenge.

If we need protection from their intrusions, there’s probably no way to reliably protect them from wandering into the wrong tangle of wires.

For better or worse, we are all in this together.

 

An iguana caused a short circuit at a hydroelectric installation in Guyana, causing a blackout for 80% of the country. The iguana did not survive. Source: FranceTV

An iguana caused a short circuit at a hydroelectric installation in Guyana, causing a blackout for 80% of the country. The iguana did not survive.
Source: FranceTV

*I suppose in the interest of full disclosure I should mention that beech martens are also regular criminals at our place, chewing through cables in car engines and generally making mischief. They’re protected, so no trapping allowed.

We live close to CERN in rural France on the border to Switzerland, so the only aspect of the news story that surprised us was that the animal was first reported to be a weasel – everyone around here knew right away what kind of culprit it must have been.

 

A New Definition of ‘Clean’

Comparative subsidy amounts for different fuel types (U.S. 2012)
From: GOOD magazine & DeepLocal via sunrunhome.com

Just a few years ago, investing in ‘clean’ energy meant investing in energy alternatives to traditional fossil-based fuels in an attempt to move overall consumption away from fuels we know to be harmful to the environment and climate. This usually meant investment in energy sources that are renewable: wind, biofuels, solar, etc. But a wholescale transition from fossil fuels (and nuclear energy) hasn’t proven as easy – and more importantly, not as lucrative – as hoped or expected.

In North America, energy investors are increasingly turning away from renewables and towards what are called ‘clean’ alternatives. ‘Clean’ in this context is generally understood to mean less dirty extraction or firing technology for oil and gas resources. That the end products – fossil-based fuels – will still be the result from cleaner means of exploitation has led only a handful of capital companies to shy away from this type of investment strategy. Ditto for cleaner methods of extracting the energy from coal. “Coal-direct chemical looping,” for example, releases heat from coal without burning it, thus avoiding greenhouse gas release – but still relies on getting the coal in the first place. And getting coal, by and large, is still one of the dirtiest jobs on the planet, polluting air, soil and water in the process.

It’s probably no coincidence that the countries and companies driving this new ‘cleantech’ investment are the ones with some the world’s largest coal and oil reserves: USA, China, Russia, India, Germany. Looking at a key global assessment of cleantech investments (‘Coming Clean – The Global Cleantech Innovation Index 2012, a report jointly published by the Cleantech Group and WWF), so-called ‘clean’ investment in traditional fuel technologies isn’t listed. Comparing this kind of investment with investment in renewables and clean infrastructure is not straightforward.

One example of this transition is cited in a recent Associated Press article. In 2007, Liquid Robotics, a California-based ocean data company, began developing a seagoing drone that required no fuel. The original purpose of the technology was to transmit live songs of humpback whales over the Internet, and the company also has other clean robotic technologies developed for tracking fish and other marine life as well as providing hurricane and tsunami data. Alan Salzman, CEO of VantagePoint, a high-profile venture capital company that specializes in cleantech investment, learned about the technology. He helped form a partnership between Liquid Robotics and another company that was interested in the drones, Schlumberger, an oil and gas drilling services company.

In a new joint venture, Liquid Robotics drones will help ensure that areas being searched for oil are whale-free. It’s certainly every company’s right to try and develop its earning capacities in any (legal) way they see fit. Thus, drones that started with a focus on gathering environmental data for meteorological conservation purposes will also help locate deposits of oil and gas, as well as detect leaks from drilling operations. Both Salzman and the Vice President of Technology at Schlumberger, Ashok Belani, now sit on the Liquid Robotics Board of Directors.

The AP article offers a succinct quote: “We are not philosophical purists,” Salzman says. “We’re investors.”

More:

Associated Press article by Jonathan Fahey – ‘Drilling is new focus for clean energy investors’

The Week article by Carmel Lobello – The World’s Top 7 Coal Countries

The Temporal Sweet Spot

A study carried out at Barrow Neurological Institute in Arizona looked into how humans perceive light. A discovery into the details of human light perception could change the way light-emitting devices are designed. Human visual perception can be leveraged to design better, more efficient lighting systems.

“The discovery concerns the way humans perceive temporal modulations of light. For example, most light-emitting devices, such as light bulbs, video monitors and televisions, flicker.

“Faster flicker rates result in a reduced perception of flicker, which is more comfortable to viewers…There is a range of flicker dynamics of light that optimizes the perceived brightness of the light without increasing power.

“(There is) a temporal sweet spot in visual perception that can be exploited to obtain significant savings by redesigning light emitting devices to flicker with optimal dynamics…”

light pollution, Earth, night, satellite, NOAA

Composite image of Earth by night.
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) via Lighting Research Center

Implementing design changes for optimal human visual perception could save billions of energy dollars per year in the United States alone.

What I find especially interesting about this study, besides the obvious potential environmental and economic benefits, is this: The researchers weren’t looking for the temporal sweet spot.

They found it because they were looking into discrepancies between two contradictory theories of human visual perception, Bloch’s Law and the Broca-Sulzer Effect. In doing so, they came up with a major advance in temporal vision research.

If there are answers as profound as those that can help designers optimize devices for human perception, then what other areas lie unexplored in the narrow spaces between existing theories and research results?

Circles, light, research, visual impressions

Writing With Light And Painting With Light (2012)
Photo: Zaheer Shah

What hidden corners aren’t we exploring, and how can find them?

Maybe what we need is a map of the dark canyons for some targeted spelunking.

The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. “Optimizing the temporal dynamics of light to human perception” is believed to be the first attempt to tune light emitting devices to the optimal temporal dynamics of the the human visual system.