Industrial Reforestation

I haven’t yet made peace with the notion of drone swarms in civilian life, whether they are for deliveries or photography or oil pipe monitoring or any number of ostensibly benign and useful activities. I suppose at some point I’ll just get used to them as they multiply, much like I did with the now-ubiquitous CCTV cameras.

However, this week I learned of a drone project that might soften my stance.

BioCarbon Engineering is a UK-based project that implements UAVs, unmanned aerial vehicles, to plant trees in deforested areas using what they call ‘industrial reforestation’ to counter the estimated 26 billion trees lost every year to logging, mineral extraction, agriculture, and urban expansion.

Now, the combination of the words ‘industrial’ and ‘reforestation’, used together with drones, doesn’t sound very much like it would add up to a tree-hugging approach. At least not at first. But…

The drones map terrain, the plant a diversity of tree seeds in a nature-based matrix. Source: BioCarbon Engineering

The drones map terrain, the plant a diversity of tree seeds in a nature-based matrix.
Source: BioCarbon Engineering

The 1 Billion Trees A Year project proposes a three-step approach using drones: a deforested area is first mapped, then seeded, and then monitored for progress.

The challenges of seeding deforested regions are many – but one of the most daunting is the simple act of seeding out new trees. Either the seeding has to be carried out by hand, or rather, many hands, or it is done by dropping batches of seeds from the air.

The advantage of hand-seeding is that the seeds can be inserted into the soil deeply enough that they can germinate and take root. But of course, large deforested areas require the re-planting of thousands, millions of trees.

Seeding by air allows for a large number of seed drops, but many of the seeds won’t ever get far enough into the soil to establish themselves, or they’ll be scattered before they can germinate.

The Biocarbon Engineering drone, with a pressurized cannister for injecting seed pods. Source: Biocarbon Engineering

The Biocarbon Engineering drone, with a pressurized cannister for injecting seed pods.
Source: BioCarbon Engineering

Operating at a height of 1-2 meters (3-6 feet), drones would be equipped with pressurized air canisters that can shoot seed pods far enough down into the soil to prevent scattering. The seed pods would be small units that contain a germinated seed, a bit of moisture, and a bit of nutrition to get the seed started.

Speaking in an interview with the BBC, CEO Lauren Fletcher said that the drones can be used to cover large amounts of terrain, and can use a variety of seed types to try and re-establish a forest with a similar pattern of biodiversity as the one originally deforested.

The drone-injected seed pods hit the soil and open to release a germinated seed. Source: Biocarbon Engineering

The drone-injected seed pods hit the soil and open to release a germinated seed.
Source: BioCarbon Engineering

I wrote recently about the reverence deserved by forests. This project seems to be a very 21st century method for encouraging that reverence.

The project was a runner-up in the United Arab Emirates Drones for Good – which included a number of other promising humanitarian drone projects that might just make me change my opinion about drone use – at least some of the time.

Deforestation in Borneo. Photo: Rhett Butler/Mongabay

Deforestation in Borneo.
Photo: Rhett Butler/Mongabay

Catching Fog

Fog is little more than an earth-bound cloud. When I picture fog harvesting, I have an image of people moving quietly through dense fog, using loose linen bags to scoop against the water-laden air around them. But why would anyone harvest fog? It’s not as if enough of it would ever stay in the imaginary bags to leave behind a harvested area of clear, sunny terrain.

When we talk about design engineering, it’s usually with a specific goal in mind. But sometimes the real goal isn’t apparent until the first goal has introduced a design idea. This was true of fog harvesting, which did not begin with people gathering fog in sacks to little purpose.

Fog is critical to the health of some redwood and coastal forests. Photo: Coast Redwood & Ecology

Fog is critical to the health of some redwood and coastal forests.
Photo: Coast Redwood & Ecology

Fog harvesting, the gathering of moisture from fog, has been around for millions of years, at least when it comes to plants. Some ferns, redwoods and berry plants absorb up to half their water intake from the moisture in fog – and that’s not from moisture that accumulates on the ground. They absorb the moisture directly into their leaves, or from the drops that collect at the base of stems.

The Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) was studying the particle constituents of fog in Quebec when it created fog harvesting equipment in the 1980s. Basically, they built a stationary canvas sail with a collecting trough at the bottom – fog coalesced on the material and dripped down into the trough for examination. This technique was then re-purposed for a reforestation project in Chile, with the fog harvesting sails redesigned to irrigate hillside seedlings in a denuded area that had once been cloud forest.

Fog water collectors on El Tofo mountain, Chile. Courtesy of IDRC / CDRI; Photographer Sitoo Mukerji

Fog water collectors on El Tofo mountain, Chile.
Photo: Sitoo Mukerji / Quemao Viejo

What happened to the fog water, though, indicated an entirely different need: the local villages of the area suffered from water scarcity, and wanted the water gained from the fog harvesting to be redirected from the reforestation project to the local inhabitants.

And out of this somewhat messy, haphazard path of discovery, the idea of fog harvesting for people in water-scarce areas came about.

These days, there are a few non-profit organizations focused on various collection and distribution methods, including the International Organization for Dew Utilization (OPUR), which sounds like a dream company out of a fog fairytale, but which is a functioning entity working to combat water scarcity.

Looking at the design telescope from perspective of the end result, the idea of catching ephemeral water droplets seems obvious.

There are still issues to be resolved – how to keep the passive catchment and distribution systems clean, how to gather the maximum amount of moisture.

Fog catchers are improving in design and efficiency, but could probably still benefit from some applied design thinking to get them to work as well as your average fern.

Two workers in Bellavista, Peru, perched 18 feet (5.5 meters) high to sew nets onto a fog-collecting apparatus (2007) Photo: Anne Lummerich / Nat Geo

Two workers in Bellavista, Peru, perched 18 feet (5.5 meters) high to sew nets onto a fog-collecting apparatus (2007)
Photo: Anne Lummerich / Nat Geo